Bose einstein condensate examples

Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which point microscopic quantum phenomena, particularly wavefunction interference, become apparent. This is why electrons, for example , have discrete orbitals that they have to occupy, and why they give off photons of specific wavelengths when they drop from one orbital, . Using highly focuse single frequency lasers it is possible to cool the single sodium atoms, negating their thermal vibrations by inducing electronic transitions which effectively pushes . The criterion for forming BEC is, very loosely, that the quantum wavelength of the bosons in your sample has to be comparable to the spacing between the atoms. Every particle in the universe can be put into one of two categories - fermions and bosons.

Fermions are responsible for most of the matter you see around you, since they include electrons, protons, and neutrons.

Bose - Einstein condensates are another state.

An example is helium- the most . Matter is the “stuff” of the universe. BECs of mutually attracting lithium-atoms tend to implode. That sai he acknowledges one of the major limitations in using them as an alternative source of pair-correlated atoms, which is that such condensates currently have very short lifetimes.

For example , the rich and complex structure of the periodic table arises from the principle that only one electron can occupy each quantum state. It was shown for example that two separate condensates, if allowed to expand into each other, exhibit very clear interference effects (figure 2), indicating the coherence of matter waves and long-range correlation. The bosons collapse into this state in circumstances of extremely low temperature, . In this section we discuss the thermodynamic properties of the Ideal Bose Gas.

Bose Einstein Condensate is the fifth state of matter (after soli liqui gas, plasma). The reason why scientists craved to perform this . When stirre a superfluid forms cellular vortices that continue to rotate indefinitely. In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: soli liqui gas, and plasma. Bose – Einstein condensates , or unconventional liquids such as helium-or helium-at sufficiently low . Bosons are can form clumps and are attracted . Superfluids are also Bose-Einstein.

There are other examples but the aforementioned alkali atoms are used to produce BEC. This is the reason why the listed alkali metals can be used for BEC. Whether thermodynamically anomalous fluctuations in Bose systems are admissible?

Detailed to these questions are given in the review. How to create nonground-state condensates ?